Politická ekonomie, 2000 (vol. 48), issue 4

Přínos Karla Engliše pro ekonomickou vědu

Karel Engliš´s contribution for economic science

František Vencovský

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.156

Karel Engliš was the author of the teleological theory of national economy based on the idea that the cognition and understanding of all the economic processes may be satisfactory from the scientific point of view only if it follows the purposefulness , intentionality, the choice of aims and means and the rationality of making decisions and methods in the behaviour of all the economic subjects. He pointed out that the traditional tendencies in economic theory preferred the causal approach and that they concentrated on the search and research of the causal connections in economic reality and the they missed the knowledge of the sense of human doings....

Englišova teleologie jako filozofický základ ekonomického myšlení

Teleology of Karel Engliš as philosophical basis of economic thinking

Jiří Vaněk

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.157

Czech economist and philosopher Karel Engliš (1880 - 1961) formulated the conception of three thinking orders: causal, teleological and normological. They are alternative instruments of knowledge and we use them for different aims. Every of them has specific system of concepts and it is not allowed to mix them from logic point of view. The teleological order of thinking is the basis for the economic decisions in the meaning of the Austrian school of boundary use. Engliš's philosophical position grows from the European rationalistic tradition, it is on the line between Kant and postpositivist historical school.

Brněnská Englišova Škola - k problému metody

Engliš's school in Brno - a problem of the method

Kamil Fuchs

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.158

This article explains fundamental context of the rise and development of the economic school that was formed at the Masaryk University in Brno in the 1920's and 1930's. The founder and leading representative was K. Engliš, a Czech economist and the first rector of the Masaryk University. The author of this article emphasizes the contribution of F. Weyr, the founder of normative legal theory to developing the fundamentals of theleological method. Emphasis is placed upon peculiarities of noetic approach of theological method in economic science, discussions on method and disputes within the school the second part analyzes the contribution of V. Chytil,...

Engliš vs. čeští keynesovci (polemiky nad monetárními problémy v letech 1934 - 1936)

Engliš vs. czech keynesians (controversy over monetary issues 1934 - 1936)

Karel Půlpán

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.159

Author combines two points of view on monetary problems of Czechoslovakia in the Great Depression: an outline of monetary development between two devalutions of the crown in 1934 and 1936 and an analysis of monetary theories of Karel Engliš, who was an outstanding representative of the liberal school and the governor of the Czechoslovak national bank, and the economists inspired by J. M. Keynes - Josef Macek, Karel Maiwald and Jaroslav Nebesář. In 1929 the crown was placed on the gold standard at a value of one crown equal to 44,58 miligrams of gold. The financial progress was interrupted by the Great Depression, with devaluation in 1934 and 1936,...

Zobecněný princip chování firmy v tržní ekonomice

Generalized principle of firms behavior in market economy

Jiří Hlaváček

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.160

This paper suggests a generalized microeconomic criterion of producer which consists in minimizing the danger of firms exit. In the special case, when firm is threatened only by an insufficient profit, this criterion becomes the standard criterion of profit maximization. Six models (three with a single danger, three with a double danger) derived from the general principle (minimizing alternative types of the threat of non-survival) are described and compared.

Sociální problémy a politiky v České republice po roce 1989: náklady přechodu a socio-ekonomická struktura

Social problems and policies in the Czech Republic after 1989: transitions costs and social structure

Jiří Večerník

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.161

This paper compares the standard economic and a complementary socio-economic approach to the transition. While the economic approach looks at social problems from the outside and views them as costs of transition, the socio-economic approach looks at these problems from the inside and views them as a part of the social change taking place. Both approaches are here used to analyze four frictions. The first friction concerns the PAYG pension system which emphasizes intergenerational dependence and turns pensioners into a socially needy population. The second friction concerns the relation between low market wages and a higher welfare provision which...

Income inequalities and poverty in the USA

Jan Adam

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.162

This article examines the main reasons for the widening of income inequalities: tax cuts in the 1980s, growing wage inequalities, growing inequalities from income investment gains, changes in the demographic composition of the American population. Changes in the structure of employment, foreign trade, technological progress, dramatic increases in the earnings of a small segment of the population, and the decline of the influence of trade unions - all these factors contributed to the widening of wage differentials. Wealth is distributed more unevenly than incomes. The USA has the highest poverty rate among developed countries. Female-headed families...

O jednom z možných scénářů reformy penzijního systému v České republice

On one of possible scripts of pension system reform in the Czech Republic

Jan Kubalčík, Radek Zbořil

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.163

The aim of this article is to propose script of the reform of pension system in Czech Republic, which could be accomplished. It deals only and just only with old age pension, because values of other types of pension's benefits are much less and the proper reasons of these benefits are jointed with different types of risk. The reformed pension system has to be such, that we can finance it even against unfavourable progress of demographic structure goes on and that we are able to keep up living standard of pensioners. The proposed system is three-pillar and the essential part of the reform has duration of 32 years.

Veřejné finance nejen pohledem teorie veřejné volby

Stanislav Šaroch, Magda Tůmová

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.167

Makroekonomické účinky vládních výdajů a daní v neoklasických modelech reálné ekonomiky

The macroeconomic effects of government purchases and taxes in neoclassical models of a real economy

Martin Macháček

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.164

From a methodological point of view, standard neo-Keynesian IS - LM analysis of the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies is rather problematic. The reason is that this analysis is fundamentally static and lacks microeconomic foundations. Moreover, this analysis focuses too heavily on the financial effects of fiscal policies as opposed to their real effects. As a result, a neoclassical alternative pioneered by Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1987) was introduced. Although Auerbach - Kotlikoff (AK) models of fiscal policy impacts are dynamic equilibrium models, they are deterministic. Consequently, AK -type models are not very reliable in terms of their...

Radost z ekonomie

Milan Žák

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.165

Reformy důchodových systémů

Marek Mora

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.166

Hindls, R., Hronová, S., Novák, I.: Metody statistické analýzy pro ekonomy (2. přepracované vydání). Praha, Management Press 2000, 259 str.

Dagmar Blatná

Politická ekonomie 2000, 48(4) | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.168