Vztah mysli, těla a stroje v souvislosti s rozvojem umělé inteligence

This thesis is dealing with relation between man and machine in terms of mind, life and body with regards to artificial intelligence. The first part of the work focuses on explanation of the historical preconditions for the emergence of artificial intelligence. A very important milestone can be found in separation of mind and body in Descartes' dualistic approach. Cartesian dualism highlighted the mind-body problem, which even nowadays is being inflected in connections with artificial intelligence. Newtonian mechanics, which is built on the Descartes' thoughts, applied the idea of the world as a mechanical machine which ultimately led to the fact that the human body began to be understood as a machine. This creates space for thoughts about constructing an artificial being -- thinking machine. Artificial intelligence is being confronted with the relationship between man and machine. In the second part of the work an analysis of the differences and congruencies between these two entities will be made -- with regards to the concepts such as machine, life, natural, artificial, mental state, mind, consciousness, body. The findings will be compared and the nature of the relationship between man and machine will be carried out accordingly to them. The last part of the work will investigate how the findings of the relationship between man and machine, mind and body are being applied in different approaches of artificial intelligence. Particularly, a detailed analysis of computer functionalism will be made. This traditional concept of artificial intelligence is based on the assumption of algorithmical nature of mind that can be modeled using symbolic representations. The analysis will be complemented by alternative approaches in artificial intelligence -- connectionism and enaction-based artificial intelligence. All the three approaches will be evaluated accordingly to the findings made in the previous part of the work. The purpose of this work is to highlight the importance of the relationship between man and machine, mind and body with regards to artificial intelligence and the further development and direction of this discipline. The work will track the line of Cartesian-Newtonian thinking in the context of the issue. The potentialities and limitations of this paradigm, dualistic and materialistic (mechanistic) approach will be pointed out. In this work, the method of summarization and compilation, based on presenting the relevant information and explanation of their relations and context, was chosen.