Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Drahomír Jančík Title: The control and planning of indu stry in the Soviet occupation zone in Germany (1945-1949) Abstract: The essay deal with the course of economic administration from the German Central Comitees (Deutsche Zentralverwaltungen) established as a transmission medium to realize the directions of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (Sowjetische Militäradministration, SMAD) to the establisment of German Economic Comitee (Deutsche Wirtschaftskommisssion, DWK) as a central economic authority in the Soviet occupation zone. German Central Comitees were organised according to the production industries, controlled by corresponding departments of economic authority SMAD, whose main aim was the arrangement of war reparations, deliveries to the Red Army and in last place the satisfying of interior German demand including the essential supply of foodstuffs and consumer goods for the population. From 1946 the production in Soviet occupation zone was controlled by the quarterly plans - their preparation and execution had to dealt with authorization disputes among Soviet occupation authorities and also among German Central Comitees and the goverments of individual countries, which resisted the centralization and strive to restore the federalism. The German United Labour Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschalnd, SED) was the bearer of centralization tendencies. Only in summer 1947 SMAD agreed to an establishment of stable top authority for a whole Soviet occupation zone - DWK - subordinate to it. DWK should initially be only a department for coordination the production and planning, at the beginning of 1948, while Germany headed towards dividing, its role radically changed. DWK got the power to issue rules in economic fi eld valid for the whole Soviet occupation zone and the German Central Comitees transformed into Main Comitees became its components. DWK centralized the economic functions and changed into central authority, which was authorised to control national economy in the Soviet zone by force of plan. The two years plan inspired by Czechoslovak example became the fi rst short time plan. The economic foundations of new German statehood limited by the space of Soviet occupation zone were laid. Keywords: Germany, Occupation Zones Pages: 9-26 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=148.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/148 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:148:p:9-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Kosta Title: History and Concept of the Czechoslovak Economic Reform (1965-1969) Abstract: The study describes the concept of the Czechoslovak economic reform prepared in 1964-65 and introduced gradually in 1966-68. The reform was, however, never fully implemented, and was scrapped following the political changes of 1968/69. The brief introduction gives an outline of the causes which created the conditions favouring the elaboration of the draft of a new economic system which was subsequently accepted by the political leadership of the country. The next section of the study summarizes the origin, development and demise of the reform, whose nature can be expressed by the motto from "decentralization to democratization". The main part of the study is the chapter devoted to the description and analysis of the major features of the proposed reform concept as it was formulated during the Prague Spring of 1968. These basic features are: (1) macro-economic planning, (2) a regulated market mechanism, and (3) the democratization of decision-making. The concluding part of the study puts forward the view that the mentioned three features point to a system presenting an alternative to those that exist in the East and in the West. The statistical appendix lists and comments on data illustrating the economic results of the reform endeavour. A selection of literature compiled at the end is confi ned to studies published on the subject mainly by Czechoslovak economists living in the Western "exile". Keywords: economic history of Czechoslovakia, economic reforms, planning, market mechanism Classification-JEL: N14, O11, P20 Pages: 27-47 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=149.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/149 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:149:p:27-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dagmar Moravcová Title: Economic and political aspects of german reparations, 1918-1932 Abstract: The paper focuses on historical research topics of war reparations paid by Germany in the period between the Versailles peace and Lausanne Conference by which the German reparations duty was fi nished. It analyses not only the interpretations of the infl uence of reparations and connecting economic problems (hyperinfl ation in the twenties and deep economic fall in the world economic crisis on the eve of thirties) but it also deals with the impact of the economic-political decisions in reparations question on the political development of Weimar republic in the context of international relations. It evaluates the hypothesis about a causal connection between the reparations and the political crisis in the Weimar republic. The author pursues it in seven phases of the development of german government´s tactics headed towards the reduction and fi nal withdrawal of the reparations duty. It is concluded that: 1. reparations acted as a multiplicator of another problems (foreign political, international political, ideological and psychological); 2. the negative role of reparations came through several phases of confrontation interrupted by periods of fulfi lment policy and policy of understanding, respectively, which were always determined by the position of Germany in the international system . Keywords: Weimar Republic, german reparations, german economic history 1918?1932 Pages: 48-68 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=150.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/150 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:150:p:48-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrik Paneš Author-Name: Josef Šíma Title: The challenges of antitrust law in 21st century Abstract: The essay deals with one of the basic type of economic policy - the law of competition. Overseas foundations of antitrust law from the end of 19th century opened the doors for expansion such a economic policy not only in USA, also in Europe. The view on the necessity competition policy has changed during the 20th century and also its conception has undergone signifi cant evolution - while at the beginning of last century authorities fought hard against trusts, in recent years the theme of antitrust law reform including the possibility of its total elimination is relevant. The essay concerns on the key moments of historical development of view on competition protection in the 20th century - the century of antimonopoly fi ght. The introductory part deals with theoretical aspects of course of study, further the hands-on experience from the German region - the European cradle of antimonopoly law. Then the competition policy of European ... which makes foundations of antimonopoly law of the members of European Union is surveyed. Its application is illustrated by main decrees of European judicial authorities. At the end the union reform of competition policy on the threshold of 21st century and contemporary the most discussed antimonopoly case against Microsoft company are mentioned. Keywords: European Union, Germany, competion, antitrust policy, monopoly Pages: 69-80 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=151.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/151 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:151:p:69-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Václav Průcha Author-Name: Lenka Kalinová Title: Programmatic Principles of the Economic and Social Policy in the Czechoslovak Resistance Movement during the Second World War Abstract: The antifascist movement in Czechoslovakia during the Second World War paid considerable attention to conceptualizing economic and social policy after the liberation of the country. Between 1939 and 1945 the resistance movement consisted of several mainstreams. Czechoslovak political representation abroad was concentrated partly around President Edvard Beneš and the internationally accredited government-in-exile in London and partly around the foreign leadership of the Czechoslovak Communist Party in Moscow. In the home country the resistance movement developed differently in the Czech Lands and in Slovakia. In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia various groups participated in resistance activities and gradually under the mounting infl uence of the Communist Party they radicalized and drew nearer to it. In the beginning the antifascist resistance in Slovakia was on a more modest scale. However, in December 1943 contacts between the mainstreams - Communist and bourgeois-democratic groups- led to the creation of the clandestine Slovak National Council. The climax of the resistance movement was the Slovak National Uprising between August and October 1944 and the Prague Rising in the last days of the Second World War. The article traces the major ideas and views of the separate components of the resistance movement and their increasing radicalization in the course of the War. Features common to their refl ections and programmes arose from the experiences of the world economic crisis of the 1930s, from antifascist positions, from the shifting world power relations during the war and from the anticipation of far-reaching social changes in renascent Czechoslovakia. A specifi c feature of the Slovak resistance movement was the realization of certain of its programmatic principles during the Slovak National Uprising and in the first months of 1945. The common position of the different resistance groups became the basis of the programme of the fi rst government on the liberated territory - the Košice Government Programme - which was approved at the beginning of April 1945. Keywords: economic history of Czechoslovakia, History of Czechoslovakia, World War II Classification-JEL: N14, N44, P20 Pages: 81-108 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=152.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/152 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:152:p:81-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleš Skřivan Title: Economic Aspects of Forming Communist Regime in China during the First Years of its Existence Abstract: This article deals with the situation in the Chinese economy at the time of communist takeover. It brings a basic characteristic of the Chinese economy including its large problems. The study is also trying to analyse the fi rst steps of the new communist government that immediately impacted on the Chinese economy. It aims at providing readers with an unbiased view of economic situation that could help them with forming their own opinion of new economic strategy's success (or failure). Keywords: economy, China, history Classification-JEL: N00, N15, N4 Pages: 109-127 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=153.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/153 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:153:p:109-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ladislav Tajovský Title: Historical and Philosophical Background of New Deal Abstract: The article "Historical and Philosophical Background of New Deal" deals with historical and philosophical origins of 1932 economic platform of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New Deal was a reaction to the Great Depression 1929 - 1933, the hardest and the deepest crisis of the modern capitalism. Its attendant circumstances - decline of product, defl ation and record-breaking unemployment - caused considerable shifts in the social perception of the role of the state in the economy. However, New Deal was not a consistent package of reform projects - the most signifi cant feature was the pragmatic activism and the willingness to reply to the economic fl uctuations. The aim of this article is to get to the roots of social-economic thoughts of the authors of New Deal. The conclusion is that for a long time before the Great Depression came there was strong tendency to strengthten state's power, especially concerning the federal institutions. Franklin D. Roosevelt thus went further the same direction as his progressive or conservative predecessors. Keywords: progresivism, cooperative individualism, New Deal Pages: 128-151 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=154.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/154 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:154:p:128-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Schwarz Title: The Economic history and the economics Abstract: The author attempts to show areas in which historical research and historical facts affected economic thinking and knowledge in economics. We may meet with a similarity of an historical approach to reality at some schools of economic thinking based on empirical inductive research approach and on historicism in the sense of evolutionary character of economic laws. History in this sense has infl uenced a methodology of some schools of economic thinking. History has however affected economic thinking of those schools which is abstract deductive approach and ahistoricism typical for. Historical experience has just contributed to the fall of some well-known economic concepts from the theoretical height down and their transition to myths. We may undoubtedly count among them the problem of the so called natural monopoly, government regulation as a tool for consumer protection or as a tool for preservation of competition, dependency theorem of economic growth on development of key industries or on country natural resources provision and many others. Historical facts have served to the formation of truthful economics and historical development is an important test of reality of economic predictions. A difference between political reality and state of knowledge in history and economics does not express a backwardness or an impotence of these sciences. Courses in history and in economic history has become irreplaceable in syllabi of prestigious faculties of economics. Keywords: methodology, German historical school, economic history, institutional development, economic growth, Chicago school Pages: 152-162 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=155.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/155 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:155:p:152-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pavel Dufek Title: The Impact of the Legal Milieu on the Private Enterprise in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and the 1960s Abstract: This article deals with the repression against private enterprise in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and 1960s. Czechoslovakia experienced the biggest changes in relation to the private enterprise out of all countries belonging to the Soviet block. During a few years after the incorporation to this block, the legal enterprising in Czechoslovakia had almost disappeared. Private enterprise was fi rstly restrained by prohibition, and consecutively by the laws that, in comparison to enterprise directed by the state, entailed a big handicap to private business. Later attempts to revive private enterprise were implemented with big diffi culties, owing to enduring opinions of the establishment of the Communist Party and the state. Its partial revitalisation had been thus implemented only underhandedly and under extremely restrained conditions. Keywords: repression of private entrprise, partial revitalisation of private enterprise, History of Czechoslovakia 1950?1965 Classification-JEL: N44, N74, N84 Pages: 163-189 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=156.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/156 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:156:p:163-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Jakubec Title: The Czechoslovak-westgerman relations of trade, transport and politicies in the period 1949-1967 Abstract: The importance of trade and transport ties between Czechoslovakia and Federal Republic of Germany (FGR) is the result not only of the geopolitical situation of both countries in Central Europe but also of their mutual economic contacts, and those with other countries as well. The consequences of the creation of two German states deeply marked the economic, commercial and transport situation in Central Europe for whole decades. The impact resulted from the association of Czechoslovakia and FRG with different military and economic, i.e. also transport and tariff, groupings, which inevitably created a certain framework for defi ning the limits of mutual trade and transport relations. The major points marking the development of foreign trade relations between Czechoslovakia and West Germany include: the signing of a treaty of commerce and transit in 1947, a treaty of payments from 1947 and the treaty of goods exchange from 1948. The fi rst contracts, signed as provisional in 1945-1946, dealt with regulating crossings at Bavarian and Bohemian stations. The trade treaty between Czechoslovakia and West Germany was signed in 1950. The treaty of commercial representation and regulation of the fl ow of goods and payments from 1967 anticipated the creation of diplomatic ties in 1973, or more precisely 1974. One possible explanation for the continuing economic and transport contacts between Czechoslovakia and West Germany, which were maintained for four decades despite various political obstacles, lies in the form and content of the treaties which were entered into. The fi rst treaties were signed by the British, American and French occupation army administrations and were never withdrawn. On the contrary, they actually became an important foundation stone, not to be questioned by any of the parties. The bulk of trade between Czechoslovakia and West Germany continually grew; in relation to West Germany in linear proportion. While the share of Czechoslovak foreign trade in West German commerce did not present a full one per cent, the share of West German foreign trade in Czechoslovakia grew to 5-6 per cent. When taking into account the situation of water transport between Czechoslovakia and West Germany, the main point is that during the whole Cold War, with the exception of the period of the Berlin blocade, shipping on the Elbe River went uninterrupted. Although there was no new Elbe shipping act after 1945, this did not in any way impede shipping on the river. Nevertheless it did imply certain limitations. Hamburg has maintained a fi rm position in Czechoslovak foreign trade. The Czechoslovak zone in Hamburg was preserved. Also, the international status of the Elbe River was recognized de facto, or, as the case may be, in practice. Keywords: The Central Europe, transportation, commercial policy Pages: 190-209 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=168.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/168 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:168:p:190-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Kovář Title: Sir Oswald Mosley, The British Union of Fascists and their Vision of the Fascist State (The Contribution of the Study of the Political and Economic Extremism between the Two World Wars) Abstract: The study analyses the causes and the development of the British fascism (in the connection with the British nationalism and anti-semitism) since the end of the 19th century to the outburst of the World War Two. The British fascism has its origins in the continental traditions; simultaneously there was an impact of some specifi c features of the development of the British society (i. e. late victorian and edwardian radical right, different patriotic leagues etc.) The most important fascist organization in the British Isles was the British Union of Fascist (BUF; its leader was Sir Oswald Mosley), orginated in the early 1930s. After a small success the BUF lost the support of the public because of the violence and anti-seminitism of its members. The visions of the leaders of the party regarding the radical change of the British policy and economy were refused by the public, too. BUF so remained the marginal party (and political force) in the policy of the island state. Keywords: Great Britain, fascism, nationalism, anti-semitism, Sir Oswald Mosley, The British Union of Fascists, the vision of the fascist state Pages: 210-229 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=169.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/169 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:169:p:210-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eduard Kubů Title: Czech (Czechoslovak) Transformation Continuities of 20th century Abstract: None of Middle European economies experienced so many dramatic changes, changes so deep and large during last 80 years as Czech economy did. At least three historical periods after 1918 can be called transformational, because there were radical planned changes in economy nature which did much more than just a partial modifi cation or revision of existing system (reform), these changes were supported by other extensive changes - at least institutional changes with reform of legal framework of economic processes, wide property transfers, wide modifi cation of elite - and they were connected with substantial political and power convulsions: 1. the establishment of the first Czechoslovak republic and period of its stabilization, 2. the transition from market to the centrally planned economy after the World War II, 3. the transformation after 1989. The transformation discontinuities were not total negation of previous line. The Czech (Czechoslovak) development also demonstrates notable large degree of continuities, the path dependency. ,The contribution characterize the three typical transformation continuities, which can be followed as a specifi c problem of economic course during each transformation period, and these are: 1. problem of unsuitable economic structure of the country, 2. the competitiveness of czechoslovak industry and its technically-technological level and productivity of labour, 3. economic management, its potential and practice. Keywords: Czechoslovakia, transformation, industry, economic management Pages: 230-245 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=170.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/170 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:170:p:230-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Václav Průcha Author-Name: František Stellner Title: The Development of the Institute of the Economic History of the Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, University of Economics, Prague Abstract: The study preciously analyses and reconstructs the diffi cult process of the constitution and development of the Institute of the Economic History since its origin (1958) to the time of changes after 1989. It was the fi rst Czech institute of the conomic history; in its head there were Professor Rudolf Olšovský, Professor Václav Průcha, Ing. Daniel Váňa and Doc. Dr. František Stellner. The study is concentrated to the research of the activities of the members of the Institute, to the pedagogical and scientifi c part of the work of its directors and members; the study contains the analysis of the published works of the members of the Institute, too. They published these important works: Olšovský, R. a kol., Přehled hospodářského vývoje Československa v letech 1918-1945, Praha 1961; Faltus, J., Průcha, V., Všeobecné hospodářské dějiny 19. a 20. století, Praha 1966, Průcha, V. a kol., Hospodářské dějiny Československa v 19. a 20. století, Praha 1974, Průcha, V. a kol., Hospodářské a sociální dějiny Československa 1918-1992. I. díl Období 1918-1945, Brno 2004. Keywords: Institute of the Economic History, Faculty of the National Economy, University of Economics, Prague Classification-JEL: N14, N44, P20 Pages: 246-251 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=171.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/171 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:171:p:246-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radek Soběhart Author-Name: František Stellner Title: Selected Aspects of the development of the German Economy in the Great Depression Abstract: The Great Depression deepened problems of the Weimar Republic and contributed to the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship. However, the symptoms of weakness in the economical sphere could be already seen in the late 1920s. The indebtedness of the state and high public expenditures related to the great bulk of foreign loans became the biggest problems of this state. Political parties could not achieve unanimity in anti-crisis reforms and, as a result, in 1930 President Paul von Hindenburg appointed new Chancellor Dr Heinrich Brüning. His cabinet focused on balancing of the national budget and nullifi cation of reparations. Consecutively, the German government adopted a wide range of drastically saving provisions with the intention of lowering state expenditures and maintaining the stability of currency. The adopted defl ation policy did not take into account rapidly increasing unemployment and social instability that was refl ected in the rising preferences of radical political parties - NSDAP and KPD. Economic slump reached its peak after the outbreak of the socalled Bank crisis, caused by the collapse of infl uential Berlin bank houses. German government continued to pursue the defl ation policy which was based on an experience with the hyperinfl ation in the years 1923-1924 and the majority of politicians feared that new credits and state interventions would cause depreciation of currency and political unrest. Following cabinets of Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher did not manage to stop the impact of the Great Depression. Only the new cabinet of Adolf Hitler started the era of state investments into armament and construction and thus contributed to the fi nishing of the depression. Keywords: unemployment, German Economic Policy, the great deppression, politics of defl ation, banking cisis Classification-JEL: N14, N44, P20 Pages: 252-267 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=172.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/172 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:172:p:252-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: František Stellner Author-Name: Radek Soběhart Author-Name: Daniel Váňa Title: The Bibliography of the Economic and Social History in the Czech Republic in the 1990s Abstract: The main aim of this bibliographical essay is to analyse the major tendencies of the research in the sphere of Czech (Czechoslovak) economic and social history in the 1990s. The bibliography of key studies is divided to fi ve chapters: 1) the surveis, synthesis, general and metodological studies; 2)the 19th century; 3) the years 1918-1938; 4) the years 1938-1948; 5) the years 1948-1989. Keywords: bibliography, Czech (Czechoslovak) economic and social history, the years 1990?2000 Classification-JEL: N14, N44, P20 Pages: 268-316 Volume: 2005 Issue: 3 Year: 2005 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=173.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/173 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2005:y:2005:i:3:id:173:p:268-316