Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petra Bubáková
Title: Gravity Model of International Trade, Its Variables, Assumptions, Problems and Applications
Abstract: The paper deals with the issues of gravity models applied in the field of trade flow analysis. Applied variables, assumptions of their impacts, problems of gravity equations and their resolving (namely the endogeneity problem, the heterogeneity problem, and the identification problem) are defined in this paper. The paper provides a detailed overview of selected gravity model publications in scientific papers with an impact factor since 2000. According to the document analysis, it is clear that panel data are the most commonly used type of data in the 21st century. Fixed effects models are recommended. The choice of variables depends on the subject being examined and on the aim of the analysis. Correct model specification and inclusion of relevant variables are highly important. The results were elaborated as part of the research project IGA 20121050 "Spatial regional market integration with agricultural raw materials".
Keywords: Gravity model, trade flows, assumption of variables, endogeneity problem, heterogeneity problem, identification problem, panel models
Classification-JEL: C10, F10, Q17
Pages: 3-24
Volume: 2013
Issue: 2
Year: 2013
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=396.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/396
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2013:y:2013:i:2:id:396:p:3-24
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlaop/references/396

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matej Šandor
Author-Name: Pavel Černý
Title: Selected Judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union Focusing on State Aid To the Energy Industry
Abstract: The EU energy industry in is becoming increasingly important and its importance can be expected to grow in the future, especially due to security and environmental issues and aspects of liberalization in the energy industry. In addition, state aid, even outside the energy sector, has had a major impact on the subjects of law in the Czech Republic, and that is not only because of the existence of significant grants from the European Union structural funds. The subject of this paper is selected judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union focusing on state aid to the energy industry. The beginning of this paper contains a general discussion of the conditions of energy policy and state aid policy. The following parts of this paper concern selected judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Based on the selected judgments, the aim of this paper is to point out problems of interpretation of the provisions regulating the energy sector and state aid.
Keywords: European Union, energy industry, state aid
Classification-JEL: H7, K2, K3, Q40, Q48
Pages: 25-39
Volume: 2013
Issue: 2
Year: 2013
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=397.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/397
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2013:y:2013:i:2:id:397:p:25-39
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlaop/references/397

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jarmila Zimmermannová
Title: Current and Proposed CO2 Taxation in the European Union Member States in the Energy Sector
Abstract: Both the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic and the European Commission are going to impose new CO2 taxation. Within the scope of this news, it is interesting to focus on the current CO2 taxation in the European Union Member States. This article first presents some theoretical concepts regarding environmental and CO2 taxation, including a focus on the political tasks regarding CO2 taxation in the Czech Republic. Then both the methodology and data are presented; research in international databases is the key method. The third chapter of the paper deals with the research results; it focuses on current national systems for CO2 taxation in particular European Union Member States. Regarding the energy sector, the comparison of particular tax rates is provided. The study deals with the time period until the end of June 2012. The key part of the third chapter focuses on the CO2 taxation proposals by both the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic and the European Commission, including a comparison of the proposed CO2 tax rates. Finally, the results are discussed and proposals for both additional research and CO2 tax modelling are made.
Keywords: European Union, Czech Republic, comparison, CO2 taxation, energy sector
Classification-JEL: E63, H23, H87, Q58
Pages: 40-54
Volume: 2013
Issue: 2
Year: 2013
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=398.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/398
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2013:y:2013:i:2:id:398:p:40-54
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlaop/references/398

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zuzana Stuchlíková
Title: Japanese Economy in 2007-2010
Abstract: This article focuses on the Japanese economy and its development in 2007-2010. It pays special attention to the deep economic crisis in 2008-2009 (the biggest economic slump in Japan after World War II). Factors of this crisis were mostly external (strong decline in Japanese exports and foreign inward investment due to the falling external demand, instability and strong uncertainty in the world economy during the financial crisis in the USA and other developed countries). Nevertheless, the economic slump in Japan was fuelled by low domestic demand and investment as well. The aim of this study is to remind of and analyse the most important trends, achievements and problems of the Japanese economy in 2007-2010. It focuses especially on the economic crisis in 2008- 2009, development of Japanese external trade during the crisis and the governmental countermeasures, both fiscal and monetary. The study outlines the development of the Japanese economy both before and after the crisis.
Keywords: economic policy, crisis, recession, Japan, expansion, reforms
Classification-JEL: E6, N15, P11
Pages: 55-68
Volume: 2013
Issue: 2
Year: 2013
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=399.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/399
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2013:y:2013:i:2:id:399:p:55-68
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlaop/references/399

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jindřich Špička
Author-Name: Václav Vilhelm
Title: Determinants of the Risk Environment in Agricultural Enterprises in the Czech Republic
Abstract: The income of agricultural enterprises has always been influenced by both weather and price volatility. Nevertheless, the risk environment of various farms seems not to be the same. Similarly, risk factors are not independent of each other. The aim of the paper is to assess the spatial and commodity particularities determining the risk environment of agricultural enterprises in the Czech Republic. Within the main objective, the efficiency of crop insurance depending on farm size is also considered. Using calculation of statistical indicators of variability in the panel data, as well as Monte Carlo simulation, differences in farm risk exposure and efficiency of crop insurance between small and large farms were found. It was found that the risk of crop price volatility is generally of a more systemic nature and it is more difficult to diversify than the risk of crop yield volatility. The hypothesis that smaller crop acreage increases the risk of farm crop yield fluctuation was not statistically confirmed within a set of medium and large agricultural enterprises. In the sample of typical farms with specialized crop field types of farming, it was revealed that agricultural insurance is more effective for small farms than for large agricultural enterprises. Based on the main findings, we make some recommendations for the business sector and policy makers.
Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation, risk management, agriculture, risk environment, holistic approach
Classification-JEL: D81, M11, Q18
Pages: 69-87
Volume: 2013
Issue: 2
Year: 2013
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/download.php?jnl=aop&pdf=400.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/aop/400
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlaop:v:2013:y:2013:i:2:id:400:p:69-87
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlaop/references/400