Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petr Marek Title: Výzkumný záměr: čas na hodnocení Pages: 4-5 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=298.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/298 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:298:p:4-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Skálová Title: Equity during Transformations of Businesses and its Accounting Entry Abstract: Equity of a limited liability company or a joint stock company is mainly composed of contributions of shareholders, retained earnings or funds from revaluation of assets at fair value. The revaluation of assets and liabilities at fair value is substantial if the company has carried out a merger or a spin-off. The valuation of net assets in an expert opinion is important for the determination of the successor company registered capital. This valuation must be recorded in accounting and constitutes a rather complicated accounting issue. It enforces the concept of commercial law and accounting interconnection. Some discrepancies in accounting regulation may, however, result in the assets to be overestimated and the choice of a right procedure will be a challenging task for the accounting unit and its auditor. Keywords: Equity, Goodwill, Valuation of assets, Registered capital, Vlastní kapitál, Goodwill, Ocenění jmění, Základní kapitál Classification-JEL: M41 Pages: 6-19 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=299.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/299 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:299:p:6-19 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Marková Title: Analysis of the Effect of Direct Foreign Investment on Internal Equilibrium from the Point of View of the Balance of Payments Abstract: Main target of the article is to point out potential methodological obstacles to balance of payments budgeting and to show an impact of foreign direct investments on country’s external economic equilibrium. The article consists of three parts. The first one is devoted to short review of a development of balance of payments methodology with respect to main changes that were a part of individual manuals. The second one is devoted to an analysis of foreign direct investments impact on current and financial accounts of balance of payments. The last part focuses on a capability of external economic equilibrium indicators. Keywords: Přímé zahraniční investice, Balance of payments, Foreign direct investments, Reinvested profit, Foreign indebtedness, Platební bilance, Reinvestovaný zisk, Zahraniční zadluženost Classification-JEL: E52, F21 Pages: 20-32 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=300.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/300 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:300:p:20-32 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hana Vomáčková Title: The Development of Accounting Solutions for Transformations of Business Companies and Cooperatives over the Last Twenty Years Abstract: Accounting and business regulation for the transformation of commercial companies over the last twenty years has crystallized into five developmental stages. By analyzing and comparing the legal and accounting concepts, we can say that the last stage is characterized by an extensive choice of laws in terms of business regulation. The major, on-going problem of the legal concept is that it does not differentiate transformations involving the creation of a new ownership structure within a legal successor, where the legal successor is materially a new owner - acquirer, from those transformations in which a new structure does not arise, i.e., those that represent merely a restructuring while maintaining the original ownership structure. While the legal and accounting regulations up to the fourth stage generally addressed transformations as purchases, business and accounting regulations in the fifth stage provides solutions mainly for transformation type restructuring. Highlighting postings based on the individual accounting transactions of the companies involved, especially if the unusual, socalled opening balance sheet method is applied, leads to a suppression of information links between the summary financial information from the financial statements prepared at the entry into the transformation and the summarized financial information in the form of an opening balance sheet of the legal successor. Keywords: Purchase method, Merger, Acquisition, Akvizice, Metoda koupě, Acquisition method, Metoda akvizice, Reorganization, Reorganizace, Přeměna Classification-JEL: M41 Pages: 33-51 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=301.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/301 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:301:p:33-51 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimír Zelenka Title: Typology of Concepts of Consolidated Financial Statements Abstract: Good understanding of theoretical concepts of consolidation of financial statements is essential for correct interpretation of consolidated figures. There are seven principal concepts of consolidated accounts indicated in this paper, from proprietary concepts, through parent entity concepts to economic entity concepts. The principal criterion for the classification of indicated concepts of consolidated accounts are: extent of net assets of subsidiary added to the net assets of parent entity; extent and character of acquisition difference; presentation of noncontrolling interests; measurement of net assets of subsidiary at the date of acquisition. Current IFRS (IFRS 3, IAS 27 and IFRS 10) are based on economic entity concept. Current Czech accounting standards are based on limited economic entity concept. Keywords: Goodwill, Goodwill, IFRS, IFRS, Konsolidovaná účetní závěrka, Non-controlling interest, Nekontrolní podíl, Concepts of Consolidated Accounts, Consolidated financial statements, Koncepce konsolidovaných výkazů Classification-JEL: M41 Pages: 52-63 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=302.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/302 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:302:p:52-63 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lenka Janíčková Title: Tax Harmonization - the Possible Way out of the Crisis? Abstract: This paper investigates the tax harmonization in the European Union in the context of the Economic Crisis. The aim is to analyze an evolution of taxes with the greatest harmonizing tendencies. Two of them are indirect taxes - VAT and excise tax, and one is direct tax - corporate income tax. In the paper, the main basis of the harmonization process and basic legal standards are summarized. The paper concludes that harmonization of these taxes can be divided into two areas. It is quite successful in the area of indirect taxes, the former turnover taxes were replaced by the value added taxes, and the EU member states have also found agreement about excise duties which should be used. On the other way the area of direct taxes is very sensitive and a lot of initiatives of the Commission were abolished due to different national interests. During the Economic Crisis a new need for tax harmonization has arisen, especially for further coordination of the chosen taxes. Keywords: European Union, Evropská Unie, Tax harmonization, Value added tax, Excise Tax, Corporate Tax, Daňová harmonizace, Daň z přidané hodnoty, Spotřební daň, Korporátní daň Classification-JEL: G38, H20, H71, K34, N00 Pages: 64-81 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=303.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/303 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:303:p:64-81 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ondřej Bayer Title: Value Added Tax Rates Reform in the Czech Republic Abstract: The paper is based on general function of tax reforms. It evaluates VAT from the perspective of the taxpayer in the planned change of VAT rates in Czech Republic. The main aim is to analyze the impact of the changes on individual households deciles. The methodology is based on the database Czech Statistical Office. Then simulation analysis on family accounts is made. The data obtained are discussed in terms of tax equity. The result is that VAT has already regressive impact and the planned unification of the VAT rates increases regression. Keywords: VAT, DPH, Unification of the VAT rates, Impact of tax, Households deciles, Sjednocení sazeb DPH, Daňový dopad, Decily domácností Classification-JEL: H20, H21, H22 Pages: 82-91 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=304.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/304 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:304:p:82-91 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karel Brychta Author-Name: Pavel Svirák Title: International Taxation of Incomes from Employment under Czech Legal Regulations Abstract: The paper deals with selected changes in Czech legal regulations in the area of international taxation of incomes from employment in the period 1993-2012. Authors pay attention to some provisions of the Act on Income Taxes that govern taxation of Czech tax resident who acquires foreign income from employment. The main focus is concentrated above all to domestic legal regulation, however, there is a marginal space granted also to the some aspects on the level of international and European Union law. Concerning domestic legal regulation, authors primarily deal with the history in legal regulation of natural persons´ tax residency according to Act on Income Taxes. The stress is put on introduction and assessment of changes specific for incomes from employment. Subsequently, there is treated a history in the conception of partial tax base from employment having its source abroad. For comprehensible reasons, the attention is given to the issue of double taxation avoidance putting stress on Sec. 38f para. (4) of the Act on Income Taxes. In relation to last mentioned, there are presented outputs of mathematical models describing a dependence of tax-payer´s tax liability on a share of foreign income (partial tax base - incomes from employment) in total tax base. Keywords: International Taxation, Legal Regulation Development, Incomes from Employment, Mezinárodní zdaňování, Vývoj právní úpravy, Závislá činnost Classification-JEL: H24, K34 Pages: 92-103 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=305.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/305 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:305:p:92-103 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Brada Title: Interest Rate Swap Valuation for Accounting and Tax Purposes ABSTRACT Abstract: Paper analyzes theoretical background and provides the valuation formulas for standard and amortized Interest Rate Swap (IRS) valuation. Valuation IRS is provided in time of buy or sell IRS or as the valuation of the existing IRS. Paper provides practical aspects of valuation for valuation practice practice and includes necessary formulas too. Problems with display of IRS in double-entry accounting are mentioned also. Paper drew attention to the difficulties of capturing the IRS as the investment tool with “zero” price in the assets or increasing the amount of balance sum in cases where IRS is recorded as a pair of transactions “purchased bond” and “issued bond”. Keywords: Interest Rate Swap (IRS), Interest Rate Swap Valuation, Swap Valuation, Interest Rate Swap (IRS), Úrokový swap, Oceňování úrokových swapů, Oceňování swapů Classification-JEL: G12, G32 Pages: 104-120 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=306.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/306 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:306:p:104-120 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miloslav Janhuba Title: Karel Petr Kheil jr. - Historian of Bookkeeping Abstract: 170 years have elapsed soon since the birth of the largest Czech financial historian Karel Peter Kheil jr. This article recalls his life and teaching efforts in the field of accounting, as well as details of the contents of his two historical books: Benedetto Cotrugli Raugeo and Valentin Menher Antich Rocha and 1550-1565. It emphasizes the importance of P. K. Kheil jr. for today as well. Keywords: Účetnictví, Bookkeeping history, Commercial education, History of accounting science, Historie, Obchodní školství, Dějiny účetní vědy Classification-JEL: N33 Pages: 121-128 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=307.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/307 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:307:p:121-128 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Fibírová Title: Don´t Ask Accountants How to Manage Costs Abstract: Accounting is a communication tool, a common „financial language“. Separation of management accounting and management itself is a key assumption for complete and reliable information. Role of controller is to define the content and the conception of basic accounting categories (costs, revenues, profits, inflows, outflows, assets and liabilities), to choose criteria of detailed split, to ensure logical link and coordination of this split in particular units and throughout the whole company. Based on product costing management decides about volume and structure of the output, product portfolio enlargement or cut, introduction of a new product. Method ABC is understood as a significant leap in cost recognition and costing pertinence. Keywords: Accounting, Účetnictví, Costing, Kalkulace, Depreciation, Odpisy, Financial management, Finanční řízení, Allocation, Capacity using, Method ABC., Využití kapacity, Metoda ABC Classification-JEL: M490 Pages: 129-138 Volume: 2012 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/download.php?jnl=cfuc&pdf=308.pdf File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/cfuc/308 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlcfu:v:2012:y:2012:i:1:id:308:p:129-138 X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlcfu/references/308