Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petr Marek
Title: Science - Sense of Life
Abstract: Dear readers, European Financial and Accounting Journal boasts about attribute “scientific”. Therefore let me put a question whether people thirst for science. Most of us probably answered yes. From medical sciences we expect new remedies for old and new diseases, from technical research we hope for new inventions which will make our labor and personal life more pleasant, inquiry of agriculturalists could save humanity from hunger and knowledge of natural sciences from catastrophic consequences of global warming. However what people expect from social sciences especially from economic sciences? We must admit that most people expect just nothing from our research whatsoever. One time I wanted to show off in front of my friends from medical environment that the University of Economics in Prague and especially our Faculty of Finance and Accounting will hold a giant European congress1 for more than one thousand accounting scientists from all over the world. Then I received a very amused smile upon image what so many accountants want to inquire. According to thoughts of many persons especially politicians everything in economic science has been long time ago already discovered. However, also other scientific disciplines were confronted with similar prejudices in the past. Thesis “everything that can be invented has been invented” belongs to favorite quotations on the internet. This pronouncement is attributed to2 Charles H. Duell who supposed to use it in 1899, when as a director of the U.S. Patent Office sent a report to William McKinley, the president of the USA. In other words he might have suggested an abolishment of his office and consequently also his post of a director. Fortunately, American archives attentively treasure all official correspondence of presidents, and inquirers have been successful3 in searching for this original report. It has not contained such a monstrous sentence, quite the contrary C. H. Duell argued that “our future progress and prosperity depend upon our ability, to equal, if not surpass, other nations in the enlargement and advance of science, industry and commerce”, and insisted on the president of the USA for most powerful support which could lead to new discoveries and new inventions. American film-makers tried attributing this thesis to another scientist in the film of Around the World in 80 Days.4 This victim became an English inventor Lord Kelvin of Largs, original name William Thomson. In the film he represented the main baddy man who was in permanent opposition against any progress. In fact, he was a very reputable scientist who wrote over six hundred scientific publications and filed around seventy patents. As a physicist he dealt for example with thermodynamics and later the unit of temperature measure was named in memory of him. His greatest success represents his credit of his work on the transatlantic telegraph cable laying project which has brought him a noble title at the age of 42 years. Opposite to perception and “deep historical knowledge”5 of American screenwriters he proclaimed in public that “one thing we may prophesy of the future for certain - it will be unlike the past. Everything is in a state of evolution and progress”.6 Disparagement of famous scientists against other scientific disciplines of other branches is broadly known. The relation is nicely sketched in a statement which was declared by Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson, the founder of nuclear physics theory based on which “all science is either physics or stamp collecting”7. However, it is necessary to admit that economic science has many common aspects with stamp collecting. In the same way as philatelists collect stamps, we collect data, as well as philatelists sort stamps according to certain topics, we sort data according to certain aspects and also as philatelists present their collection on international exhibitions, we present our scientific contributions on international conferences. With philatelists we have similar enthusiasm. However, let me claim that our mission is most useful than only stamp collecting. Nevertheless, our science correspond more than other sciences to the above cited proclamation of Lord of Kelvin, yet our research is able to discover new pieces of knowledge and bring new methods which can help for example remove financial crisis causes. And this is the main reason why we regard our science as sense of life. And it is also the main reason why we issue our scientific journal.
Pages: 4-6
Volume: 2009
Issue: 2
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/download.php?jnl=efaj&pdf=64.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lenka DOKULILOVÁ
Author-Name: Karel Janda
Author-Name: Pavel ZETEK
Title: Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Financial Crisis
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to clarify the problems of microfinance and the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFI) in financial crisis. We find, that MFIs are often considered as one of the most effective and flexible strategies in the fight against global poverty. Due to several often unsolvable problems obstructing the easier and faster development of these institutions such as: ethnical problems, managerial resources, legal recourses, unfortunate recourses and other, the operations of MFIs are often not sufficiently efficient. The microfinance sector is in general known for its adaptability and quite healthy survival of past financial crises. However, current global financial crisis is testing the resilience of MFIs hardly. The MFIs are much more connected to international financial markets now than it was the case during previous crises. Therefore we expect that they will not survive the crisis without bearing some loses. But the expected losses are relatively smaller when compared to other financial institutions.
Keywords: Financial crisis, Microfinance, Microcredit, MFIs
Classification-JEL: G01, G21
Pages: 7-33
Volume: 2009
Issue: 2
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/download.php?jnl=efaj&pdf=65.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Antonio VIDAL HERNANDEZ-MORA
Author-Name: Marcos ANTÓN RENART
Author-Name: María del Rocío MORENO ENGUIX
Title: An Analysis of the Dependence of the Spanish Fisheries Industry on the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance
Abstract: Fisheries are an important economic sector in the EU subject to an important restructuring in the most recent years. The Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG) has been the tool deployed by the European authorities to increase the competitiveness and to modernize this industry. As far as Spain is concerned, it has been verified that it is the European country receiving more funds in the recent years. The aim of this paper is to examine the financial situation of the Spanish fisheries firms, determining their indebtedness, solvency, and profitability. We also analyse if those firms included in the Fisheries sector show differences statistically significant. Along the same lines, one of the aims of the study is to carry out an analysis of the financial needs of these firms, considering the extent to which the European funds received along the latest years may have helped Fisheries the industry in Spain.
Keywords: Fisheries, FIFG, Financial analysis
Classification-JEL: G32, Q22
Pages: 34-64
Volume: 2009
Issue: 2
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/download.php?jnl=efaj&pdf=66.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaroslav BRADA
Author-Name: Tomáš Buus
Title: Detection of Possible Tax-Evasive Transfer Pricing in Multinational Enterprises
Abstract: In this paper we analyze possible source of tax evasion in the multinational entity (hereinafter “MNE”). We show that the tax obligation of the whole MNE depends on the ownership structure of companies, which form MNE and that the structure could be described by matrix form. Therefore the basic tax optimization tasks of MNE via transfer pricing can be understood as linear programming problems. In addition we propose a way to identify possible tax evasion realized via transfer pricing in MNE.
Keywords: Transfer prices, Tax evasion, Tax authorities, Multinational entities, Mathematical taxation, Linear programming
Classification-JEL: D21, D29, G39
Pages: 65-78
Volume: 2009
Issue: 2
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/download.php?jnl=efaj&pdf=67.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/67
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bohuslava Knapová
Title: A Benefit of New Costing Methods for the Strategic Management
Abstract: Strategic managerial decisions have the great influence on the growing performance of the company as an accounting entity and the successfulness in its business today. Managerial decisions on the strategic level of the management are concerned with the existing internal organizational and economic, responsibility structure of the accounting entity, which must create own strategy system in order to prosper under conditions of the external competitive environment. The strategic management is the conceptual and long-term starting point of the complete management. New costing methods, i. e. using of the target costing and life cycle costing, belong to the areas of the output oriented management and are applied in the strategic (long-term) management of product costs.
Keywords: Life Cycle Costing, Target Costing, Strategic management, Output oriented management, Managerial decisions, Strategy system
Classification-JEL: M41
Pages: 79-89
Volume: 2009
Issue: 2
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/download.php?jnl=efaj&pdf=68.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/efaj/68
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