Up-to now Czech experience with long-term unemployment is rather limited. On the other hand, some of extensive West-European experience could be used. Thanks to relatively low levels of long-term unemployment, the unique chance still exists to make the preventive employment policy with respect to long-term unemployed.
After having reviewed West European experience, one can conclude that in Czech conditions some of projects could be useful to adopt. Common features observable at almost all programmes are the individual approach to unemployed persons and combination of different types of measures. Generally, active employment policy should be given wider space within Czech practice. Keywords: long-term unemployment, labour market, active employment policy, job creation, job support Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/54 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karel Brůna Title: Fiskální multiplikátor v malé otevřené ekonomice v režimu pevného měnového kursu Title: Fiscal multiplier in the small open economy under fixed exchange rates Abstract: This paper discusses theoretical aspects of the fiscal policy in the special economic system of the small open economy under fixed exchange rates. The author lays stress on the size of the fiscal multiplier as an analytical expression of the structure of this economy.
The first part describes fiscal multiplier in the close economy, the second defines with more precision the open-economy fiscal multiplier and précis the final effects of national savings and their functions in the economy with context of the external balance and problems of the interest rates level, interest rates structure and demand for money in the context of high capital mobility on domestic output.
The results of the study suggest that size of the open-economy fiscal multiplier depends on fiscal policy effects upon current account solvency and sustainability. In monetary economy the fiscal policy is also complicated by demand for and supply of money functions elasticities. Keywords: fiscal multiplier, output, savings, external balance, interest rates level, interest rates structure, demand for money Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/55 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mojmír Hampl Title: Stabilní preference a proměnlivé restrikce - přístup Gary S. Beckera Title: Stable tastes and variable restrictions - G. S. Becker's approach Abstract: This article focuses on a critical evaluation of the G.S. Becker's approach in the field of tastes analysis. Becker in his recent work Accounting for Tastes (1997) came with the wholly new paradigm. While neoclassical economy treats the tastes like the so called "black box", it means like very unstable and unpredictable economic category, Becker offers absolutely different point of view. In his analysis, tastes are not exogenous in the neoclassical sense. Instead of treating them as exogenous off-an alysis category, he suggests treating them as a standard endogenous category it means as the subject of scientific investigation. According to this approach, tastes do not differ substantially among economic agents. Agents have got different restrictions only (different incomes, time restrictions e.g.). To support this idea Becker have to redefine some previous microeconomic analysis tools and categories. Only substantial redefinition of these categories enables him to verify his revolutionary theory. This article asks to what extent this approach is correct and useful for next economic research. By comparing the Becker's methodology with this of R. Lucas, the article leads to a conclusion that Becker's methodology makes it unable to create predictions that could become a subject of any reasonable verification. Keywords: exogenous tastes, endogenous tastes, restrictions, utility function Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/56 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrej Havrila Title: Cena a produktivita práce v poľnohospodárstve - komparatívna výhoda lacnej prace Title: Price and labour productivity in agriculture - comparative advantage of cheap labour Abstract: Recently is a "good" discussion about the labour costs (wages). By the example of agriculture we argue that there is no straightforward relations between the raise in productivity and wages. The number of labour work and the total costs of labour in agriculture decreased since 1989. The gross agricultural product (GAP) calculated by the index of agricultural prices (IAP) presents the change in GAP only, not the real value of GAP in CPI. Thus, the productivity per worker and per one SKK of labour costs increased steeply (200 % or 300 %).
However, if the calculation of GAP is done by CPI, than the real GAP of 1996 decreased to one third of 1989 GAP. Thus the productivity decreased to 70 % in 1991 - 1992, but recently raised to the quality of 1989. On the other hand, the productivity of labour costs increased to 164 % respecitvely 174 % in comparison to 1989.
More-over, the other costs of production decreased to 32 % that of 1989. The productivity of such costs has not changed largely. After decreasing till 1993 it raised to 115 % that of 1989. Thus the productivity of other costs (capital) is not of the quality of the labour cost. Therefore it can be argued, that the problem of agriculture are prices of agricultural commodities, responding to the power on the market. Keywords: productivity, real wages, gross agricultural production, other costs, comparative advantages Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/57 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Sojka Title: Institucionalismus a nová institucionální ekonomie Title: Institutionalism and new institutional economics Abstract: This article concentrates on the development of institutional economic theories which have begun to study institutions and their role in the economic development and behavior since the very end of the 19th century. Institutional theories have been a critical reaction to the almost complete ignorance of institutions in the neoclassical economics. This reaction has manifested itself in two very different forms united by the persuasion that institutions play a fundamental role in forming economic behavior and in reaching specific economic performance, and that institutions change in time and frequently react to economic factors.
Earlier American institutionalism has been developing since the last decade of the 19th century in the works of Thorstein Veblen and John R. Commons and their followers. It is critical to the neoclassical economics and its methodological individualism, and considers man a social being whose behavior is formed by many social and cultural factors affecting institutions which play a decisive role in economic and social evolution.
New institutional economics (property rights school or transaction costs economics) has been developing rapidly since the 60s of the 20th century. This stream of economic thought tries to modify the standard neoclassical approach by introducing institutions and their evolution. It defines institutions as rules and connects them with property rights and transaction costs. The bases of this approach can be found in the works of the Nobel Price Winners for economics R. Coase and D. North. Keywords: institution, institutionalism, administered prices, conspicuous consumption, demonstration effect, new institutional economics, path dependence, property rights, transaction costs Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/58 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marek Loužek Title: Spor o metodu mezi Rakouskou ekonomickou školou a Německou historickou školou jako nejvýznamnější metodologický spor v dějinách ekonomie Title: Battle of methods between the Austrian school of economics and the German historical school as the most important methodological dispute in history of economics Abstract: The presented article is concerned with the Methodenstreit between the Austrian School of Economics and the German Historical School in 19th century. The Methodenstreit between the Austrians and Germans is considered the most important methodological dispute in economics. Three main topics of the argument are distinguished: a) dispute concerning a role of induction and deduction in economics, b) dispute about exact or empirical laws in economics and c) dispute about application of methodological individualism or methodological collectivism in economics and other social sciences. The solution of above-mentioned problems is presented by three participants of the Methodenstreit: a) by the most significance representative of the older German Historical School - Wilhelm Roscher, b) by the founder of Austrian School of Economics - Carl Menger and c) by the leader of the younger German Historical School - Gustav Schmoller. The point of departure of this article is methodological pluralism. Keywords: realistic-empirical orientation of theoretical research, exact orientation of theoretical research, German Historical School, Austrian School of Economics, abstract-deductive method, empirical-inductive method, methodological pluralism Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/59 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mojmír Helísek Title: K výuce makroekonomie na vybraných univerzitách v Německu, Rakousku a Švýcarsku Title: To teaching of macroeconomics at selected universities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/60 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Truneček Title: Minulost, přitomnost a budoucnost řízení Title: The past, the present and the future of management Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/61 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Daňhel Title: Kniha veskrze současná Title: The very contemporary book Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/62 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Řezník Title: Postavení a úloha člověka jako úkol managementu Title: The position and the role of a man as the problem for management Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/63 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miroslav Zajíček Title: Návrh reformy elektroenergetického sektoru v České republice Title: The proposal of the electroenergy sector reform in the Czech republic Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/64 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaromír Veber Title: Management kvality v kostce Title: Management of the quality put in a nutschell Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/65 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Mandel Title: Euro: aktuální příručka pro podnikatele Title: Euro: topical guide for businessmen Volume: 1999 Issue: 4 Year: 1999 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/66 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:1999:y:1999:i:4:id:66