Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: František Vencovský Title: Přínos Karla Engliše pro ekonomickou vědu Title: Karel Engliš´s contribution for economic science Abstract: Karel Engliš was the author of the teleological theory of national economy based on the idea that the cognition and understanding of all the economic processes may be satisfactory from the scientific point of view only if it follows the purposefulness , intentionality, the choice of aims and means and the rationality of making decisions and methods in the behaviour of all the economic subjects. He pointed out that the traditional tendencies in economic theory preferred the causal approach and that they concentrated on the search and research of the causal connections in economic reality and the they missed the knowledge of the sense of human doings. In the basis of these ideas he elaborated the economic science dealing with the systems in which all the economic activity takes place. In Engliš´s approach the methodological influence of the Austrian school and the noetic-philosophical influence of Kant´s critical idealisme are obvious. Keywords: value, money, teleological economic theory, price, state economic policy, Engliš Karel Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/156 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Vaněk Title: Englišova teleologie jako filozofický základ ekonomického myšlení Title: Teleology of Karel Engliš as philosophical basis of economic thinking Abstract: Czech economist and philosopher Karel Engliš (1880 - 1961) formulated the conception of three thinking orders: causal, teleological and normological. They are alternative instruments of knowledge and we use them for different aims. Every of them has specific system of concepts and it is not allowed to mix them from logic point of view. The teleological order of thinking is the basis for the economic decisions in the meaning of the Austrian school of boundary use. Engliš's philosophical position grows from the European rationalistic tradition, it is on the line between Kant and postpositivist historical school. Keywords: teleology, thinking order, causality, norms, rationalistic philosophy, polylogical thinking Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/157 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamil Fuchs Title: Brněnská Englišova Škola - k problému metody Title: Engliš's school in Brno - a problem of the method Abstract: This article explains fundamental context of the rise and development of the economic school that was formed at the Masaryk University in Brno in the 1920's and 1930's. The founder and leading representative was K. Engliš, a Czech economist and the first rector of the Masaryk University. The author of this article emphasizes the contribution of F. Weyr, the founder of normative legal theory to developing the fundamentals of theleological method. Emphasis is placed upon peculiarities of noetic approach of theological method in economic science, discussions on method and disputes within the school the second part analyzes the contribution of V. Chytil, a disciple of K. Engliš, in particular controversies on identity and differences of the methods of K. Engliš and O. Spann. Keywords: noetics, causal method, normological method, theleological method, Brno theleological school, universalism, Engliš school Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/158 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karel Půlpán Title: Engliš vs. čeští keynesovci (polemiky nad monetárními problémy v letech 1934 - 1936) Title: Engliš vs. czech keynesians (controversy over monetary issues 1934 - 1936) Abstract: Author combines two points of view on monetary problems of Czechoslovakia in the Great Depression: an outline of monetary development between two devalutions of the crown in 1934 and 1936 and an analysis of monetary theories of Karel Engliš, who was an outstanding representative of the liberal school and the governor of the Czechoslovak national bank, and the economists inspired by J. M. Keynes - Josef Macek, Karel Maiwald and Jaroslav Nebesář. In 1929 the crown was placed on the gold standard at a value of one crown equal to 44,58 miligrams of gold. The financial progress was interrupted by the Great Depression, with devaluation in 1934 and 1936, both times by 1/6 of its value. Theoretical debates concerned the major effects of these economic policy measures from the point of view of Karel Engliš and the Czech Keynesians. Keywords: monetary policy in the interwar period, devaluation of the Czechoslovak crown in 1934 and 1936, Czech Keynesians, monetary conception of Karel Engliš Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/159 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Hlaváček Title: Zobecněný princip chování firmy v tržní ekonomice Title: Generalized principle of firms behavior in market economy Abstract: This paper suggests a generalized microeconomic criterion of producer which consists in minimizing the danger of firms exit. In the special case, when firm is threatened only by an insufficient profit, this criterion becomes the standard criterion of profit maximization. Six models (three with a single danger, three with a double danger) derived from the general principle (minimizing alternative types of the threat of non-survival) are described and compared. Keywords: beyond homo oeconomicus, generalized microeconomic criterion, danger of firm's exit Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/160 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Večerník Title: Sociální problémy a politiky v České republice po roce 1989: náklady přechodu a socio-ekonomická struktura Title: Social problems and policies in the Czech Republic after 1989: transitions costs and social structure Abstract: This paper compares the standard economic and a complementary socio-economic approach to the transition. While the economic approach looks at social problems from the outside and views them as costs of transition, the socio-economic approach looks at these problems from the inside and views them as a part of the social change taking place. Both approaches are here used to analyze four frictions. The first friction concerns the PAYG pension system which emphasizes intergenerational dependence and turns pensioners into a socially needy population. The second friction concerns the relation between low market wages and a higher welfare provision which creates a poverty trap and leads to a culture of dependency. The third friction concerns the insufficient incentives for middle class expansion which contrasts with the key role this class should play in the future prosperity of society. The fourth friction involves tensions between various sections of the middle class. Keywords: social policy, socio-economics, distributional conflict, middle class Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/161 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Adam Title: Income inequalities and poverty in the USA Abstract: This article examines the main reasons for the widening of income inequalities: tax cuts in the 1980s, growing wage inequalities, growing inequalities from income investment gains, changes in the demographic composition of the American population. Changes in the structure of employment, foreign trade, technological progress, dramatic increases in the earnings of a small segment of the population, and the decline of the influence of trade unions - all these factors contributed to the widening of wage differentials. Wealth is distributed more unevenly than incomes. The USA has the highest poverty rate among developed countries. Female-headed families make up the majority of the poor. A small proportion of full-time workers are also poor. The poverty rate of children, especially of minorities, is high. The consequences of extreme inequalities are examined. Keywords: income inequalities, unequal distribution of wealth, child poverty, working poor Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/162 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Kubalčík Author-Name: Radek Zbořil Title: O jednom z možných scénářů reformy penzijního systému v České republice Title: On one of possible scripts of pension system reform in the Czech Republic Abstract: The aim of this article is to propose script of the reform of pension system in Czech Republic, which could be accomplished. It deals only and just only with old age pension, because values of other types of pension's benefits are much less and the proper reasons of these benefits are jointed with different types of risk. The reformed pension system has to be such, that we can finance it even against unfavourable progress of demographic structure goes on and that we are able to keep up living standard of pensioners. The proposed system is three-pillar and the essential part of the reform has duration of 32 years. Keywords: demographic crisis, PAYG, pension found, transformation Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/163 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislav Šaroch Author-Name: Magda Tůmová Title: Veřejné finance nejen pohledem teorie veřejné volby Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/167 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Macháček Title: Makroekonomické účinky vládních výdajů a daní v neoklasických modelech reálné ekonomiky Title: The macroeconomic effects of government purchases and taxes in neoclassical models of a real economy Abstract: From a methodological point of view, standard neo-Keynesian IS - LM analysis of the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies is rather problematic. The reason is that this analysis is fundamentally static and lacks microeconomic foundations. Moreover, this analysis focuses too heavily on the financial effects of fiscal policies as opposed to their real effects. As a result, a neoclassical alternative pioneered by Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1987) was introduced. Although Auerbach - Kotlikoff (AK) models of fiscal policy impacts are dynamic equilibrium models, they are deterministic. Consequently, AK -type models are not very reliable in terms of their predictive power. To improve the capatibility of neoclassical models to simulate the impacts of fiscal shocks, real business cycle (RBC) models with a government sector are employed. The results of various quantitative tests indicate that in the RBC framework, the presence of a government sector enhances the sensitivity of macroeconomic variables to aggregate productivity fluctuations. There is also strong evidence confirming the hypothesis that because the fiscal authorities are not capable of designing optimal tax and spending programs, they have to design an ex post remedy for the policy generated market failure. Keywords: taxes, fiscal policy, neoclassical approach, real business cycle models, government purchases, stabilization policies, Auerbach - Kotlikoff models Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/164 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Žák Title: Radost z ekonomie Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/165 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marek Mora Title: Reformy důchodových systémů Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/166 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dagmar Blatná Title: Hindls, R., Hronová, S., Novák, I.: Metody statistické analýzy pro ekonomy (2. přepracované vydání). Praha, Management Press 2000, 259 str. Volume: 2000 Issue: 4 Year: 2000 File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/168 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2000:y:2000:i:4:id:168