Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Veronika Solilová
Author-Name: Danuše Nerudová
Title: Návrh bezpečných přístavů v oblasti převodních cen pro malé a střední podniky
Title: The Proposal of Safe Harbours in the Area of Transfer Prices for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
Abstract: In this paper we focus on transfer pricing issues of SMEs which impose relatively higher compliance costs of taxation on SMEs than on large entities which can benefit from economies of scale. Therefore, the international platforms recommend introducing the simplified transfer pricing approaches mainly for SMEs. Currently, 62% of EU Member States have implemented simplified transfer pricing measurements for them. The aim of the paper is to propose the methodical tool for SMEs in the form of safe harbours based on the arm´s length profit margins in the selected industry sectors in order to reflect sectoral and size-classes differences. Further, we try to answer on the question, how wide margin is possible to apply in case of distributors if the proposed methodical tool is used and manufacturers generate different operating costs.
Keywords: EU, SMEs, transfer pricing rules, arm's length principle, simplified measurement, safe harbours
Classification-JEL: F23, G38, K33
Pages: 559-572
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1075.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1075
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1075:p:559-572
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1075

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adrej Cupák
Author-Name: Ján Pokrivčák
Author-Name: Marian Rizov
Title: Diverzifikácia spotreby potravín na Slovensku
Title: Diversity of Food Consumption in Slovakia
Abstract: In the present study we analyze diversification of food consumption in Slovakia. Dietary diversity is a proxy for the quality of diet and it measures one aspect of household food and nutritional security. Using data from the Slovak Household Budget Survey, we estimate determinants of demand for food diversity by means of linear and quantile regressions. We measure food diversity by count measure of food items consumed during a specific time period and by Berry index. While demand for food diversity has been steadily increasing since 2004, economic crisis in 2009 slightly reduced the diversity of foodstuffs consumed by Slovak households. Estimated income elasticities are consistent with the applied theoretical framework and previous studies conducted in other countries. Furthermore, results from the quantile regression reveal that the estimated coefficients significantly differ across quantiles of the dependent variables’ distribution. Results further indicate that Slovak households diversify their food consumption less during the first quarter of the year and in rural areas. Individual characteristics of the household head, such as education, age or gender significantly influence diverse food consumption too. Overall, an increasing demand for food diversity was observed between 2004 and 2010 which can imply an improved quality of diet and food security of Slovak households.
Keywords: Slovakia, food security, diet diversity, quantile regression
Classification-JEL: D12, I12, O52, Q18
Pages: 608-626
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1082.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1082
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1082:p:608-626
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1082

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zbyněk Revenda
Title: Peněžní a úvěrové multiplikátory ve vybraných ekonomikách
Title: Money and Credit Multipliers in Selected Economies
Abstract: The latest financial crisis has led to significant changes in the central bank's monetary policies. They have tried to respond by expansionary monetary policy in the different forms. We analyze if commercial and other banks use a higher quantity of reserves in order to increase granting of loans into the economy. Analysis is focused on the tendencies in money and credit multipliers. There are four analysed economics during the period 2008-2014: Czech Republic, European Monetary Union, Great Britain and the USA. No surprise that multipliers had tendencies to decline, especially from high values in the Great Britain and the USA. Development was quite surprising in the EMU, where all multipliers were very stable. We have observed the biggest exceptions in the USA, and the Czech Republic, respectively. Money multiplier of M1 is still less than 1 in the USA. Czech Republic is specific according to the values of credit multiplier. They are lower than values of money multiplier of M2, and even lower than multiplier of M1 since 2012. The most likely reasons for all trends are presented in the article.
Keywords: monetary policy, monetary base, central bank, credit, monetary aggregates, quantitative easing, bank reserves, commercial bank, multiplier, regulation, supervision
Classification-JEL: E5, G01
Pages: 505-523
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1085.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1085
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1085:p:505-523
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1085

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jiří Špalek
Author-Name: Zuzana Špačková
Title: Daňové úniky v laboratoři: vliv kontextu na ochotu platit daně
Title: Tax Evasion in the Lab: How Context Affects Tax Compliance
Abstract: The issue of tax compliance represents one of the topics where laboratory experiments may provide important insights into human economic decision making. The empirical evidence on the topic is limited as the decision on tax evasion is purely private information of the taxpayer. The experiment presented in the paper focuses on two main topics. At first, we analyze potential influence of two factors - probability of being caught while cheating on taxes and penalty rate imposed on subject who evade. We conclude that behavior of the Czech subjects corresponds to foreign results. At the same time, there is a stronger effect when probability of being caught increases. The effect of increasing penalty rate is rather moderate. Second research question focuses on the terminology used during the experiment. We find that the rate of tax compliance is higher within experimental sessions where subjects face neutral language in the instructions compared to the group with loaded instruction (tax language). This behavior contradicts the results to date and indicates possible country effect which could be linked to specifics of posttransformational society.
Keywords: laboratory experiment, tax compliance, tax evasion, voluntary contribution mechanism, country effect
Classification-JEL: C92, H26, H41
Pages: 524-540
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1086.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1086
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1086:p:524-540
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1086

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Schmidt
Title: Stanovení nabídkových cen ve veřejných zakázkách: simulace
Title: Price Determination in Public Procurement: Simulation
Abstract: The article examines a mechanism of bid price determination in public procurement by individual tenderers. An auction model based on game theory, which maximizes expected profit of a firm bidding for public contract, is used to analyse this process. Firm within the model decides by comparing expected profit and transaction costs associated with submitting the bid whether to submit the bid or not. Furthermore, the article analyzes empirical data on public works contracts in the field of construction and reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants in the Czech Republic. The probability distribution of bid prices submitted by individual firms is mainly examined on these data. Based on the presented model and some finding from the data, a simulation of sequential biddings is executed consequently in which individual firms in their decision making use available data on submitted bids from the previous contracts.
Keywords: Public Procurement, competitive bidding, bids, bid prices, simulation
Classification-JEL: D44, H57
Pages: 541-558
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1087.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1087
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1087:p:541-558
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1087

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Baláž
Author-Name: Andrej Hamara
Title: Analýza závislosti exportu SR na vývoji ekonomiky SRN
Title: Export Dependency of Slovakia on German´s Economy
Abstract: The article analyses relationship between exports of goods and services of Slovakia and the development of economy of Germany as its major trading partner. On the basis of available data, it identifies the extent to which the export of SR depends on development of GDP in Germany, changes of its internal demand and also the extent to which there is a correlation between Slovak and German exports. Cointegration analysis, used to obtain relevant information about these links, verified on real data if there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these variables and whether the intensity of dependence is really so high. Achieved results suggest that the Slovak exports and imports of goods to Germany, as well as the export of goods from Germany abroad, shows an intensive, long-term equilibrium relationship which largely determines the performance of Slovak economy and its competitiveness on international markets.
Keywords: European Union, competitivness, cointegration analysis, export efficiency, Slovak economy
Classification-JEL: F110, F14, F15
Pages: 573-590
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1088.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1088
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1088:p:573-590
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1088

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martina Šimková
Author-Name: Jaroslav Sixta
Author-Name: Jitka Langhamrová
Title: Penzijní závazky stárnoucí populace České republiky
Title: Pension Liabilities to Ageing Population of the Czech Republic
Abstract: The problem of population ageing and related questions of sustainability of the pension system in the Czech Republic represent serious and discussed topics. Pension and health care systems are significantly influenced by the changes in the population structure. There is a disproportion between paid retirement pensions and received pension contributions in the pension system. The problem lies in the proportion of economically active and inactive population and the possibility of our economy to ensure sufficient resources in the future. Pensioners will consume real goods and services and have the unquestionable right for satisfaction of all their needs. For the economy, it is not important if these needs are satisfied through public or private funds or if there is a system based on contributions or benefits. Our paper offers an economic view of ageing population from the perspective of the estimate of pension liabilities. The paper also shows that the influence of the choice of the system is not important in terms of the economy. Of course, it is important for each of individuals. The problem is connected with equity, solidarity and efficiency of the management of funds. Regardless of the system, liabilities to people in the retirement are equal. Although these estimates are based on various assumptions that may vary over time, the total value of pension entitlements represents key information for policy makers. Thus the estimated proportion of pension liabilities to GDP reflects the amount of output that will be needed to satisfy the needs of current and future retirees.
Keywords: pension system, aging of population, economic burden, pension entitlements
Classification-JEL: C02, E60, J01
Pages: 591-607
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1090.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1090
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1090:p:591-607
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1090

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hana Lipovská
Title: Měnová politika po Velké recesi
Title: Monetary Policy after the Great Recession
Keywords: -, -
Pages: 627-629
Volume: 2016
Issue: 5
Year: 2016
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/download.php?jnl=polek&pdf=1089.pdf
File-URL: http://www.vse.cz/polek/1089
File-Format: text/html
Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2016:y:2016:i:5:id:1089:p:627-629
X-File-Ref: http://www.vse.cz/RePEc/prg/jnlpol/references/1089