NEW LAYOUT OF THE MAIN NETWORK IN THE VYSOČINA REGION

The aim of this contribution is to define the backbone road network of the Vysočina Region and to introduce a system of road management to this network. The determination of the extent of the backbone road network is based on multi-criterion decision-making methods, with traffic as the basic parameter for defining the backbone road network. This is referred to as the number of vehicles passing through that section for a specified period of time. Vehicles are further divided into categories according to their size. A new backbone road network layout is designed to better reflect the current situation. In addition, a road management system is in place for the costs that need to be incurred with regard to the nature of maintenance and repairs. The article does not refer to the division of these costs; it only refers to the problem. It is precisely the efficiency of spending on the infrastructure maintenance of the means of transport that has become a frequent topic of discussion in the assessment of the management of the individual road network owners. Quality, safety, and reliability of transport infrastructure are also a limiting factor for attracting significant investment into the regions and the socio-demographic aspects of the territory. The article analyses the road network from the point of view of traffic intensity. This assessment is most used in patch planning; therefore, a major part of the article is devoted to it. Part of the contribution is also devoted to the issue of public transport on this road network. Public transport is strongly linked to transport infrastructure and is often a crucial factor in planning, especially winter maintenance on lower-class roads. The quality and efficiency of the road network must be seen as a compact unit, which directly or indirectly affects the functioning of all institutions and citizens in the territory concerned.


Introduction
Increasing the efficiency of spending public budgets is a long-term and endless process. Budget appropriations are limited and it is not possible to cover the extent of a road network in the area of road infrastructure with sufficient quality. This is due to the existing internal debt, i.e. underfinancing of expenditure. It is essential to define the core backbone * University of Economics, Prague, Faculty of Management (jansky@fm.vse.cz).
ARTICLES network and to continue to operate systemically in the long term with this network and to introduce a road management system. Multi-criteria decision-making methods can be used to implement the road management system. Traffic intensity is the basic parameter for defining the backbone road network. Dvořák (2008) addresses the issues of the public budget and the deficit of public finances. Literature research and the latest findings by Kruntorádová (2015) deals with the issue of financing Czech cities, which concerns, among other items, transport and infrastructure. Abraham (2014) focuses on sustainable development with regard to environmental aspects that often limit its development and improvement. Jazcilevich et al. (2015) also analyse the economic and environmental impacts of transport and the possibilities of development. Koblížek (2016) examines the issue of passenger transport, namely the demand for bus transport in regions where, especially in those with lower population density, this mode of transport is a possible solution to the current issue. Pawlasová (2015) addresses the issue of satisfaction with public transport services provided both within basic transport services and beyond, i.e. within the commercially provided transport. Sachs (2015) deals with sustainable development in the context of technological change in the 21st Century. Solecka and Żak (2014) are focused on integrated transport systems and transport simulation. The simulation of traffic loads is an important aspect in planning the development of the communications network, which is not only about the construction but also the reconstruction of the existing roads when their units or their status often do not meet the demands of today. Sellers et al. (2017), in their most recent publication, address the problem of a new trend in public administration, which is the governance that strongly affects transport issues. The new trends deserve major attention as they have the potential to completely change the paradigms of the individual fields and to ensure greater efficiency of the expended funds. Janatka (2017) examines the issue of business in a globalised world that brings many changes compared to existing habits. It is precisely the process of globalisation that is closely related to the transport issue, which is the cornerstone of these changes along with the development of communication technologies.

Literature Review
In particular, articles on public-private partnerships are of particular interest to new issues published in professional journals. PPP projects are one way of helping to improve the infrastructure that is often in an unsatisfactory condition without major pressure on public budgets. These issues are addressed by Heinen et al. (2015) and Roumboutsos, Voordijk and Pantelias (2015). These authors describe the possibilities of financing large-scale construction projects using the PPP method to accelerate the construction and development of the site concerned. Besides its own principle of the functioning of this model of cooperation, the articles describe the risk for each version and other aspects of this form of cooperation between the public and private sector. The subject of the problem is also described by Roumboutsos, Voordijk and Pantelias (2015). The problems of transport and its related aspects are further solved by Dubrovsky, Yaroshevich and Kuzmin (2016), who deal with the operational efficiency of transport companies with regard to the condition of transport infrastructure and its quality and density, which have consequences for other interested economic subjects. Newman and Kenworthy (2015) examine the possibilities of planning new transport routes and infrastructure in general with regard to its sustainability in the context of future development. The environmental impacts that transport infrastructure brings are not only positive, but also have to take into account the negative impact on the environment and other aspects, which is addressed by Matas, Raymond and Roig (2018).
From the new articles, the authors of the University of Poznań, specifically Myczko et al. (2017), focus on the negative impacts of road transport, especially mortality and other negative effects on road users and the surroundings. Behrends (2017) addresses the issue of the relationship between road and rail transport. It is the mutual interdependence of the systems that is a potential form of development in Vysočina. Simoni and Claudel (2017) deal with the possibility of simulating the traffic load, which is closely related to this paper dealing with transport in the region of Vysočina. They describe the intensity of traffic as a simulation in future years. Strategic planning in public administration, which is very closely related to the issue, is dedicated to Krbová (2016). This area has long been neglected in the Czech Republic with many of these areas now being instituted.

Methodological Approach
For the regional road network, it is important to know the intensity of traffic on II. and III. class roads. As part of the national census, 6,521 census points were established and 1,250 censuses were selected as part of the planned census in the Vysočina Region on II. and III. class roads. It is essential to analyse the issues both from the point of view of the total traffic intensity and its partial analysis of the individual sections of the road linking the regional seat in terms of vehicle types and the load of the road. Terrestrial communications, mainly used for economic purposes, will have a higher load on heavy goods vehicles than roads that will have a higher intensity of passenger cars and will serve primarily for social purposes or for socio-economic purposes, e.g. from the point of view of commuting. The load on the road has a major impact on the technological progress of the modernisation of the road network.
The solution to the choice of road network with regard to the introduction of a roadtraffic management system will focus on two aspects. The first point solely concerns the intensity of the total of all vehicles and the intensity of trucks. The second point concerns the verification of the individual cycles of road management in terms of technological progress in the various phases of the economic cycle. Here, the key parameter is the Heavy Goods Vehicle (TNV), which is a recalculated value and, from the point of view of the technical standards, is indicative of determining, for example, the type of road surface cover. Heavy motor vehicles are the only key input parameter for determining the life of the road. The draft measures will be based on multi-criteria decision making, which takes into account the other variables that ensure the availability and interdependence of social and economic characteristics. Table 2 shows the roads on the backbone network with the road marking and the interconnection of municipalities on the given road. The roadway designation links do not always connect to all the sites, for example, because there are two roads in front of the village, and there is only one road in the village. Nevertheless, from the point of view of the evaluation of the characteristics of the social factors in particular, the road is led by a sign between the municipalities. Furthermore, for example, by interconnecting municipalities on a given road, there is a certain short stretch following a high-order road -class I roads. In this case, there is also a road sign in one section between individual municipalities. Size is important in terms of the interconnection of settlements. The table below shows the population as of January 1, 2017 of larger settlements on the backbone road network. There is always a large settlement on a given road. According to the density of settlements in the Vysočina Region, which is a typical rural area, there is also the distribution of significant settlements on the road network, which is quite different from the point of view of the mentioned settlements. It is necessary to always take the specific road into account. Source: (Černý, 2015) Tables 4 and 5 show the characteristics of the traffic intensities of the total vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles. Source: (Černý, 2015)  Source: (Černý, 2015) In order to evaluate the significance of the communication, we can compare the intensity of traffic (individual types) with the number of inhabitants living in selected major settlements on the relevant roads. From the point of view of determining the ratios, this has a considerable limitation because it is not possible to determine the relative indicators related to the average values since not all the seats on the given road are counted and the indicator of the traffic intensity is a variable indicator, for example, the connection of other roads to the relevant road communication. For this reason, two ratios were selected that measure the significance of the communication to the selected residential structure on the relevant communication. In terms of traffic variability, it is necessary to evaluate the indicator as a whole for the relevant communication. Another significant indicator is the TV/SV indicator, which represents the percentage load of heavy vehicles and thus the economic importance of the road.
The ratios are expressed as follows The highest intensity The highest number of people * 100; The lowest number of people * 100; SV U(min) * 100.

Results
From the Table 6, it can be predicted that the lower the variance of the U max and U min , indicators, the more uniform stratification of the settlement structure on the given road. Furthermore, the higher the value of the U min indicator, the more important the road is in terms of social and economic importance. The U k ratio is the percentage of heavy vehicle weight. In general, it can be said that the higher the percentage, the higher the economic importance of the road. Source: (Černý, 2015)  Source: (Černý, 2015) Terrestrial roads were analysed on the basis of SV, TV, and TNV. The values of SV > 1500, TV > 200 and TNV > 100 were set to determine the extent of the road network where the road management system could be introduced. Based on these values, a new layout of the backbone network of the Vysočina Region was established. In addition, the roads were analysed as to whether they are of economic significance (i.e. they are only used by freight transport or are of a social nature, i.e. they are predominantly used by passenger cars). These indicators are important in terms of technological procedures. The table below shows the revision of the existing backbone network and the proposal for the exclusion and inclusion of new sections. II. III.

Built-up area
Source: (Ksusv.cz, 2015) Figure 1 shows the network with a total length of 703,107 km, of which 635,84 km are II. Class roads and the remainder are III. Class roads.
The system for implementing individual repairs and forms of road maintenance is not the subject of this article. To address the issue, based on the basic division of winter maintenance, then full maintenance in a chemical form needs to be discussed. In this case, the roads are cleaned of snow and the surface is treated with chemical spraying. This form of maintenance is the most costly. The second version is the displacement of inert material in order to provide better adhesion conditions when the tyre of a vehicle passes over the road. This procedure is applied especially in areas with low traffic intensity or where chemical substances cannot be used due to nature and landscape conservation. From the viewpoint of spending on winter maintenance, the best way is to simply ploughthe roads without any sprinkling. This method is especially used for third class roads with low traffic intensity and little importance from an economic or social point of view.

The Impact of the Road Network on Public Transport
The above information can be regarded as general when it affects the operation of transport as a whole system. Although in recent decades there has been a growing importance and intensity of individual automobile transport, as evidenced by data from the above summation, traffic intensity and public support cannot be ignored. In the case of the Vysočina Region, for the most part, it is a public transport service (hereinafter referred to as ZDO), which is mostly ordered by the region. Of course, the highway network of the highlands also uses many other lines, especially long-distance and international ones, but it usually only concerns road 1. Therefore, these lines will not be dealt with in this article. The largest share consists of suburban and intercity lines, which provide transport for citizens to school, healthcare facilities, and work. Of course, this includes the provision of return transport as stated by current Czech legislation. This service is primarily based on lower class roads and, therefore, the quality of the infrastructure, the arrangement, and maintenance of the infrastructure is of great importance. Particularly in the case of winter maintenance, its plans are adapted in many cases to the times of regular bus services.
This public transport procedure has lasted two decades and has undergone many changes, which reflect the structural changes in the economy, changes in the demographic structure of the region, as well as the mass development of individual traffic. Infrastructure is often a limiting factor shortening driving times as one of the competitive factors of this mode of transport. Other factors include, for example, comfort and cost, which are also affected by the infrastructure. Therefore, it is desirable to coordinate the planning of transport routes, maintenance, building, and changes with regard to public transport as an alternative promoted to the individual. The issue of transport service provision is very broad, and therefore its assessment did not proceed from a purely economic point of view but also from the perspective of sustainable development and social responsibility. It is important to take steps that will help increase traffic efficiency and stop the falling number of passengers. In particular, this is the continuous improvement of the condition of the infrastructure so that it is technically possible to shorten driving times and maintain transfer connections. Quality infrastructure also helps reduce fuel consumption and thereby increases the economic efficiency of the whole system.

Conclusions
The contribution is based on a multi-criteria evaluation and introduces a new arrangement of the backbone road network of the Vysočina Region. The highlands region is very specific in many respects, whether in terms of its weather, landscape or socio-demographic. All these aspects are also reflected in the organisation of the road network. Ground communications in the new backbone network layout must be evaluated in terms of their significance and whether they are more of a social or economic significance. The backbone network is made up of the motorway and first class roads that are managed by the MD of the Czech Republic and are connected to these roads by other second and third class roads. Quality and safety are often referred to in terms of transport infrastructure by concepts that, from the owner's point of view, also add value to efficiency and effectiveness. As part of this article, a selection of roadways has been identified on which it is appropriate to introduce a system of road management and set up measures for the technological process. This is the efficient management of the limited financial resources of the owner of the roads as the focal point for the future.
The design of the backbone road network is crucial for increasing the efficiency of the funds spent, which comprise a large part of the expenditure within the regional budget. It is these budgets that are often enormously burdened with expenditure on the construction and maintenance of transport infrastructure while their income, according to many opinions, is inadequate. Discussions are usually about the breakdown of fuel and grease tax revenue or road tax. A systemic management solution is a strategic decision that is particularly important in terms of planning and financing the road network in the long run. In this contribution, the issue of public transport, which is realised after these roads, was briefly omitted. Public transport is one of the aspects of addressing unemployment in some parts of the districts where it is desirable to ensure sufficient mobility for the population in order to reverse this situation. High-quality transport connections and connections to the backbone road and motorway network are one of the decisive factors for placing a significant investment, as many companies prefer freight transport exclusively on the road, often in the Just in Time system. In terms of the structure of the national economy, the condition of the transport infrastructure is a limiting factor for the whole economy, and therefore attention needs to be paid to this issue.
Due to its location in the Czech Republic, the Vysočina Region can benefit from its connection to the most important highway passing through the Czech Republic although it is necessary to also pay close attention to the lower class roads. In this respect, not only to the efficient and economical maintenance of roads, as discussed in this article, but also to the construction of new roads and bypasses for municipalities in view of increasing traffic density and safety aspects. The interconnection of each impact on transport infrastructure is important to mention as a whole. For example, public transport is often the factor that is historically crucial, particularly in the planning of winter maintenance. However, other influences, in particular, political decisions, when large investment and lobbying become the subject of pre-election campaigns, are often affected by transport infrastructure. In connection with the issue, the possibility of imposing a charge on these roads, especially for heavy goods vehicles, is often discussed. It is this decision that can have a significant impact on maintenance issues due to the potential changes in traffic density on individual roads.