Současná Evropa 2011, 2011(1):57-91

iberalizace vnitřního trhu s elektřinou a zemním plynem jako prostředek zajišťování energetické bezpečnosti EU

Lenka Kovačovská

Článek se zabývá problematikou tvorby liberalizovaného vnitřního trhu s elektřinou a zemním plynem a jeho možnostmi posílit energetickou bezpečnost EU, konkrétně zajistit bezpečnost dodávek elektřiny a zemního plynu. Toto téma je v současnosti, ve světle nedávného přijetí třetího liberalizačního balíčku (a diskusích probíhajících o jeho implementaci a o pravomocech jím vytvořených institucí) a v listopadu 2010 zveřejněného Sdělení Evropské komise k prioritám energetické infrastruktury do roku 2020, vysoce aktuální. Článek hledá odpovědi na dvě výzkumné otázky, zda má EU reálný potenciál vytvořit plně funkční liberalizovaný vnitřní trh s elektřinou a zemním plynem a zda může funkční liberalizovaný vnitřní trh s elektřinou a zemním plynem posílit energetickou bezpečnost EU.

Keywords: EU, energetická bezpečnost, vnitřní trh, liberalizace, elektřina, zemní plyn, unbundling, energetická politika, infrastruktura

Liberalisation of the Internal Market in Electricity and Natural Gas a Tool for Enhancing EU's Energy Security

The article deals with the issue of liberalisation of the internal market in electricity and natural gas and its possible impacts on strengthening energy security of the EU, especially security of supplies. The topic is very up-to-date due to recent adoption of the Third Liberalisation Package (and ongoing discussions about its implementation and competencies of new institutions introduced by this package) and the Communication of the Commission on energy infrastructure priorities for 2020 and beyond. The article seeks to answer two research questions, e.g., whether the EU has a real potential to create a fully liberalised internal market in electricity and natural gas and whether this market could enhance energy security of the EU.

Keywords: EU, energy security, internal market, liberalisation, electricity, natural gas, unbundling, energy policy, infrastructure

Published: June 1, 2011  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kovačovská, L. (2011). Liberalisation of the Internal Market in Electricity and Natural Gas a Tool for Enhancing EU's Energy Security. Contemporary Europe, 2011(1), 57-91
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Andoura, S., Hancher, L. Van der Woude, M. (2010). Towards a European Energy Community: A Policy Proposal. Notre Europe, Studies & Research 76. Dostupné z: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/webnp/webdav/site/myjahiasite/users/nsalliarelis/public/Towards%20a%20European%20Energy%20Community_A%20Policy%20Proposal.pdf [1. červen 2010].
    2. Cihelková, E., Jakš, J. a kol. (2004). Evropská integrace - Evropská unie. Praha: Oeconomica. ISBN 80-245-0854-0.
    3. Chemišinec a kol. (2010). Obchod s elektřinou. 1. vyd. Příbram: CONTE spol. s r.o. ISBN 978-80-254-6695-7.
    4. Drulák, P. a kol. (2008). Jak zkoumat politiku. Kvalitativní metodologie v politologii a mezinárodních vztazích. 1. vyd. Praha: Portál, s.r.o. ISBN 978-80-7367-385-7.
    5. IEA (2005). Learning from the Blakouts. Transmission systém security in competitive elektricity markets. Paříž: OECD.
    6. Kiesling, L., Giberson, M. (2004). Electric Network Reliability as a Public Good [onine] Paper presented at Carnegie Mellon Conference: Conference: Electricity Transmission in Deregulated Markets: Challenges, Opportunities, and Necessary R&D Agenda, December 15-16, 2004. Dostupné z: http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~lki851/LK_MG_rel_pubgood_Jan05.pdf [28. srpen 2010].
    7. Mandátová, P. (2010). Security of Electricity Supply in the EU. Magisterská diplomová práce. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut politologických studií.
    8. Mankiw, N. G. (1999). Zásady ekonomie. 1. vyd. Praha: GRADA Publishing. ISBN 80-7169-891-1.
    9. Stern, J. (2002). Security of European Natural Gas Supplies. The impact of import dependence and liberalization. Londýn: Royal Institute of International Affairs,July 2002. Dostupné z: http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/EINIRAS/23033/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/BBD578CB-8574-4923-B727-FA9F1FBF17A0/en/110-Security_Natural_Gas.pdf [25. září 2010].
    10. Support swells for a new EU energy Treaty (2010) Platts - EU ENERGY, Issue 233/May 21 2010, s. 8-11.
    11. UNECE GAS CENTRE (2003) Report on Security of Natural Gas Supply. Ženeva, září 2003. Dostupné z: http://www.gascentre.unece.org/info/Report.pdf [25. září 2010].
    12. Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže (2009) Energetika. Informační list č. 5/2009. Oficiální dokumenty
    13. Enel Case - Case 6/64, Flaminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585 a Ijsselcentral Case z roku 1992.
    14. An Energy Policy for the European Union, White Paper of the Commission, COM (95) 682, Brusel, 13. 12. 1995.
    15. A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, Green Paper of the Commission, COM (2006) 105 final, Brusel, 8. 3. 2006.
    16. Commission Green Paper of 29 November 2000 Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply. 2000. [COM(2000) 769 final - Not published in the Official Journal].
    17. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: The future Role of Regional Initiatives. COM(2010)721 final, 7. prosinec 2010, Brusel.
    18. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions "Energy infrastructure priorities for 2020 and beyond - A Blueprint for an integrated European energy network", COM(2010) 677 final, Brusel, 17. listopad 2010. Dostupné z: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/2020_en.htm
    19. Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, 19. 12. 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition law laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty.
    20. Council Resolution of 16 September 1986 concerning new Community energy objectives for 1995 and convergence of the policies of the Member States OJ 25 September 1986, C 241/I.
    21. Decision No 1229/2003/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 laying down a series of guidelines for trans-European energy networks and repealing Decision No 1254/96/EC, Official Journal of the European Union L 176, 15. 7. 2003, s. 11-28.
    22. Directive 90/337/EEC of June 29 1990 concerning a Community procedure to improve the transparency of gas and electricity prices charged to industrial end-users, OJ L 185, 17. 7. 1990, s. 16-24.
    23. Directive 90/547/EEC of 29 October 1990 on the transit of electricity through transmission grid, OJ L 313, 13. 11. 1990, s. 30-33, a Council Directive 91/269/EEC of 31 May 1991on the transit of natural gas through grid, OJ L 147, 12. 6. 1991, s. 37-40.
    24. Directive 94/22/EC of 30 May 1994on the conditions for granting and using authorisations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons, OJ L 164, 30. 6. 1994, s. 3-8.
    25. Directive 96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity. OJ L 27, 20. 1. 1997, s. 2-29.
    26. Directive 98/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas. OJ L 204, 21. 7. 1998, s. 1-12.
    27. Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, OJ L 176, 15. 7. 2003, s. 37-56.
    28. Directive 2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas, OJ L 176, 15. 7. 2003, s. 57-78.
    29. DIRECTIVE 2005/89/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 January 2006 concerning measures to safeguard security of electricity supply and infrastructure investment, Official Journal of the European Union, 4. 2. 2006, s. 22-27.
    30. Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC.
    31. Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC.
    32. ECSC Treaty - Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, Paříž, 18. duben 1951.
    33. Euratom Treaty - Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, Řím, 25. březen 1957.
    34. First Orientation for a Common Energy Policy, Communication from the EC to the Council, 18 December 1968.
    35. For a European Energy Policy. Green Paper. COM (94) 659, Brusel, 11. 1. 1995.
    36. Medium Term Vision for the Internal Electricity market. Strategy paper. Brusel, 1. 3. 2004, Dostupné z: http://www.edis.sk/ekes/strategy_paper_march_2004.pdf.
    37. Single European Act, OJ L 169, 29 June 1987.
    38. Smlouva o Evropské unii (ve znění Lisabonské smlouvy) (2008).
    39. Smlouva o fungování Evropské unie (ve znění Lisabonské smlouvy).
    40. Regulation of the European Commission No. 1228/2003 of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in. electricity. OJ L 176, 15. 7. 2003, s. 1-10.
    41. Regulation of the European Commission No 1775/2005 of 28 September 2005 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission network, OJ L 289, 3. 11. 2005, s. 1-13.
    42. Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators.
    43. Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003.
    44. Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005.
    45. Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply. Green Paper, COM (2000) 769. Dostupné z: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/greenpaper-energy-supply/doc/green_paper_energy_supply_en.pdf.
    46. White Paper on "Completing the Internal Market", COM (85) 0310. Internetové zdroje
    47. Commission acts to ensure effective and competitive energy markets across Europe, IP/09/1035, Brusel, 25. 6. 2009.
    48. ERGEG Fact Sheet: THE ELECTRICITY REGIONAL INITIATIVE: MAKI- NG PROGRESS TOWARDS A SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET. Ref: E05-ERF-03-06b, 27 February 2006. Dostupné z: http://www.energy-regulators.eu/portal/page/portal/EER_HOME/EER_CONSULT/CLOSED%20PUBLIC%20CONSULTATIONS/CROSS_SECTORAL/Creation%20of%20REMs/CD/E05-PC-04-13a_E05-ERF-03-06B_ERI_FS.PDF.
    49. ERGEG: ERGEG Regional Initiatives, [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.energy-regulators.eu/portal/page/portal/EER_HOME/EER_INITIATI- VES.
    50. EURELECTRIC (2004) Security of Electricity Supply. Discussion Paper, Working Group Scurity of Electricity Supply. listopad 2004, Ref: 2004- 180-0019. Dostupné z: www.eurelectric.org/Download/Download. aspx?DocumentFileID=31487 [25.9.2010].
    51. IP/06/430 of 4 April 2006, The Commission takes action against Member States which have not opened up their energy markets properly. MEMO/06/152 of 4 April 2006, Infringement procedures opened in the gas and electricity market sector, by Member State.
    52. Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu. (2008) 3. liberalizační balíček. [online], [Publikováno 10. 1.2008]. Dostupné z http://www.mpo.cz/dokument35030.html [28. 3. 2009].
    53. Key elements of the Internal Energy Market Package as proposed by the Commission on 19 September 2007, MEMO/09/127, Europa - Press Releases RAPID, Brusel, 24. 3. 2009. Dostupné z http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/127&format=HTML&aged=0〈uage=EN&guiLanguage=en (28. 3. 2009).
    54. Oren, Shmuel S. (2001). Market Based Risk Mitigation: Risk Management vs. Risk Avoidance. Proceedings of a White House OSTP/NSF Workshop on Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies held in Washington DC, June 14-15, 2001.
    55. Press Coonference at EU Informal Summit, Hampton Court, 28. říjen 2005, Dostupné z: http://www.eu2005.gov.uk.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content